第四百二十三章 朝贡贸易(1 / 2)

执宰大明 小黑醉酒 0 字 2021-03-29

[全文字阅读三江阁] 山下元道走后,罗海和梁少杰也起身告辞,房间里就剩下李云天和雷婷两人。{}</p>

“大哥,你是想让那个山下元道帮你到南洋做生意?”雷婷快步走过去关上房间的‘门’,饶有兴致地问向了坐在那里慢条斯理地喝着热水的李云天。</p>

“此人有两船货物,又能从海盗的手中逃脱,想必也是一个人物。”</p>

李云天微微一笑,放下手中的茶杯后说道,“大哥需要他这种熟悉南洋诸国形势的人来与那些国家做生意,朝廷主导的商贸以宣示恩威为主,得利的是那些前来朝贡的国家,亏的则是我大明的国库。”</p>

自从洪武帝下了海禁令后,大明与海外的贸易实行的就是“朝贡贸易”,即明朝与海外诸国进行进贡和回赐的贸易。</p>

洪武四年,明太祖将安南、占城、高丽、暹罗、琉球、苏‘门’答腊、爪哇、湓亨、白‘花’、三弗齐、渤泥以及其他西洋、南洋等国定为“不征之国”,确立了大明的实际控制范围。</p>

与此同时,洪武帝还确定了“厚往薄来”的朝贡原则,建立了一套完善的朝贡体系,在这个体制中大明是中央政权,各朝贡国构成中央政权的外藩。</p>

所谓厚往薄来,意思就是海外诸国给大明进贡少量的贡品,而大明赏赐的物品却非常丰厚。</p>

朝贡贸易的出现,其政治目的远远大于经济目的,当时正值大明王朝建立,经济逐渐恢复并得到初步发展,国势蒸蒸日上,因此愿意与海外各国遣使通好,壮大国威,同时确定大明的势力范围。</p>

值得一提的是,在古代历史上,国家是否是盛世的重要标准就是“四海仰慕,遣使来朝”,也就是“威德遐被,四方宾服”。</p>

因此,为了吸引海外诸国遣使前来朝贡,洪武帝、建文帝、永乐帝、洪熙帝和宣德帝都实行乐厚待海外诸国贡船的“优值”及“免税”政策。</p>

大明的朝廷不但每年都要‘花’费大量金钱接待那些外国贡使,而且还对他们带来的贡品本着“薄来厚往”的原则回赠价值更高的礼品,例如锦缎纱罗、金银、瓷器和茶叶等等。</p>

而且,对外国贡使使团所带来的贸易商品,虽然按照惯例有‘抽’分,但通常皇帝都会下特旨进行御免,并由官府出高价收购大部分。</p>

洪武二年,朝廷规定“朝贡附至番货‘欲’与中国贸易者,官‘抽’六分,给价偿之,仍免其税”。</p>

永乐初的时候,有西洋数国遣使来朝贡,带有胡椒希望与大明互市,户部的官员向永乐帝请旨征胡椒的税收,但被永乐帝拒绝,下诏道:“商税者,国家抑逐末之民,岂以为利?今夷人慕义远来,乃侵其利,所得几何,而亏辱大体多矣”。</p>

意思很简单,那就是大明的对外贸易不是以征税为目的,要厚待那些从远方不辞辛苦前来朝贡的贡使,从中征税的话根本得不到多少钱,反而有辱大明的声威。</p>

如此一来,大明在朝贡贸易中就承担了巨大的财政负担。</p>

按照朝廷的规定,各国贡使前来朝贡时,不仅市舶司和进京沿途的地方官府都要负责接待、护送,而且到了京师后的接待及赏赐也‘花’费甚巨。</p>

在郑和下西洋以后,随着各国贡船及附舶商队的人数大量增加,明朝廷每年接待贡使的‘花’费也不断增大,显得应接不暇。</p>

为了减轻财政负担,同时也是避免鱼目‘混’珠,被那些贪图利益之徒钻空子,冒名贡使前来大明捞取好处,永乐帝逐渐对朝贡的国家和地区实行认定资格,颁给“勘合”,也就是发给允许来华朝贡的国家或地区的凭证,没有勘合的海外船只不许进入港口。</p>

后来又对贡期、贡船数目、随船人数、进境路线和停泊口岸等也都做出规定。</p>

例如:日本定例10年一贡,入浙江宁‘波’港,人毋过300,舟毋过3艘;琉球入福建泉州港,2年一贡,人毋过100;占城国、真腊、暹罗及西洋诸国入广州港,3年一贡,人毋过100。</p>

永乐帝时,随着郑和下西洋宣扬国威,以及大明对北方‘蒙’古势力的扫‘荡’,朝贡体系达到了它的巅峰。</p>

在大明强大陆海军的“威‘逼’”和厚往薄来政策的“利‘诱’”下,向大明朝贡的国家和部族一度达到了65个。</p>

与此同时,日本对琉球、朝鲜,朝鲜对‘女’真族,安南对占城、南掌等国,也都提出了朝贡的要求,形成了数个次级的朝贡体系。</p>

在李云天看来,大明所实行的朝贡贸易虽说宣示恩威,但是却有着三个无法忽略的弊端。</p>

一,由于朝贡贸易采用厚往薄来的原则,导致了大明财政承担了巨大的负担;</p>

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