章节目录 第二四六章 美玉出深山(1 / 2)

正如我们中华民族的性格一样,喜欢祥瑞和气,属于内敛型,追求的也是宁静致远、含蓄淡雅的审美倾向。

既然,将玉的温润光洁与君子的美德结合起来,于是“玉有五德、九德、十一德”的说法便应运而生。

“五德”一说出自东汉许慎的说文解字,其中言道:“玉,石之美者,有五德。”

具体而言,“五德”是指:“润泽以温,仁之方也;解理自外,可以知中,义之方也;其声悠扬,尊以远闻,智之方也;不饶不折,勇之方也;锐廉而不技,洁之方也。”

“九德”一说出自管子,曰:“夫玉所贵者,九德出焉。夫玉温润以泽,仁也;邻以理者,知也;坚而不蹙,义也;廉而不判,行也;鲜而不垢,洁也;折而不挠,勇也;暇适皆见,精也;茂华光泽,并通而不相陵,容也;叩之,其音清搏彻远,纯而不杀,辞也;是以人主贵之,藏以为室,剖以为符端,九德出焉。”

“十一德”一说出自礼记聘义的记载,原文如下:有弟子曰:“敢问君子,贵玉而践珉者何也为玉之寡,而珉之多。”孔子曰:“言念君子,温其如玉,故君子贵之也;夫昔者君子比德于玉,温润而泽,仁也;缜密而粟,知也;廉而不判,义也;垂之如坠,礼也;叩之其声清越以长,其终拙然,乐也;瑕不掩瑜,瑜不掩瑕,忠也;孚尹旁达,信也;气如长虹,天也;精神见于山川,地也;圭湾特达,德也;天下莫不贵者,道也。”

这段话的意思是,有弟子向孔子请教:“君子重视玉而轻视像玉的美石,这是为什么呢是因为玉很少而美石很多吗”

孔子回答道:“玉以其质地坚韧、温和,而得到世人青睐。从前,君子把自己的德行和玉是相比较的。玉质温柔滋润而有恩德,象征仁;坚固致密而有威严,象征智;锋利、有气节而不伤人,象征义;雕琢成器的玉佩整齐地配挂在身上,象征礼;叩击玉的声音清越悠长,终了嘎然而止,象征乐;玉上的瑕疵掩盖不了其美,同样美玉也不会去遮藏其瑕疵,象征忠;光彩四射而不隐藏,象征信;气势如彩虹贯天,象征天;精神犹如高山大河,象征地;执圭璋行礼仪,象征德;天地下没有不贵重的玉,象征道。”

儒家认为君子应当是“外带恭顺,内具坚韧;宽以待人,严以律己;光华内敛,不彰不显”。

玉的品质是与君子的品质最为近似,故中国人对于玉石的应用与佩戴,是基于道德与精神的原因。

古代用玉有严格的规定,帝王、公侯、将相等都有明确的区别,即使是佩戴,也不是为了显示财富,而是警醒自己的思想言行。

周礼大宗伯中记载:“以玉作为六器,以礼天地四方”,礼并不是字面上的礼仪制度,而是森严的等级,玉是王者祭祀天地的神圣礼器。

在夏商周时期,玉是王室贵族所专用的,也是皇权的象征。

“五世衣冠盛,吾乡识故家。渥洼驹有种,和氏璧无瑕”,最著名的美玉当属“和氏璧”。

在它流传的数百年间,被奉为“无价之宝”,是“天下所共传之宝”,又称“和氏之璧、荆玉、荆虹、荆璧、和璧、和璞”。

相传,“和氏璧”被秦始皇制作成了传国御玺,该御玺于唐代以后失传。

关于“和氏璧”的故事也是精彩异常,可以说是跌宕起伏,引人入胜。

我们就单说一下“和氏璧”的来历吧

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