第三十三章 盘点家底(1 / 2)

晚唐浮生 孤独麦客 1348 字 2022-09-21

邵树德现在急需摸一摸定难军的家底。

粗略的他都知道,但现在战争在即,他需要更精确的一些,并估算一下,看看自己能够坚持多久。

国朝财税体系,大体分为上供、送使和留州三部分,即两税三分的格局。

具体到某一州,其刺史将属州部分赋税送至节度使、观察使处,曰“送使”,剩下的留做州中开支,曰“留州”,节度使再将部分税赋解送京师,曰“上供”。

上供部分,每个藩镇都要交,即便是素来跋扈的河北诸镇都不能免,或多或少而已。靠着这套体系,元和年间朝廷收到了总计三千五百余万缗的赋税(实物亦折算在内),是开元、天宝年间的三至四倍。

其实,单就人口来算,后世严耕望等人认为,虽然藩镇割据,但武宗年间的人口未必比天宝年间少。不然的话,以明面上远低于开元年间的税基,即便财政改革,大幅度增加了商税,中唐那会也不可能达到三四倍的财政收入——天宝年间800多万户,大历年间一度只有130户,结果两税法一实施,十年内变成了300多万户,并且在接下来五十年内增长到500万户,平均每户663人,超过天宝年间户均5人,着实了得。

黄巢入长安之后,各镇上供都暂停了,或许未来会陆陆续续交。嗯,已经有一些恭顺的藩镇开始上供长安了,虽然皇帝还在蜀中。

但京西北八镇本来就穷,暂时都没交。河中这种富裕藩镇更不用说,一年七十万缗的盐利全数截留,也难怪后来田令孜要搞他,未必是出于私心,是朝廷真的缺钱。

中和四年,经过四五年时间的发展,绥州户口渐丰,垦田日多,全年地税共收得粟麦杂粮4142万斛,户税得绢68480匹、钱12750缗;银州地税1209万斛,户税绢57920匹、钱11313缗;夏州地税771万斛,户税绢20960匹、钱4094缗。

这三个州里面,银州百姓负担应该是最重的,因为户均人口只有32人,绥州是596人,夏州是553人。究其原因,还是大量巢众编户,刚刚娶妻,户口太少。国朝收税是按户收取的,因此负担较重,若不是该州数千巢众跟随出征宥州,一人得了四头羊的话,日子怕是要很难过。

值得一提的是,国朝实行的是量出为入的财税政策,即估算需要花多少钱,然后设定一个目标值,依照这个值来收取赋税。天下诸镇基本也是这个路数,去年打了两场仗,缴获实在太多,邵树德便没收太重的税,让百姓大大地喘了口气,不再处于严重饥饿状态了,甚至还有余力买牲畜回去饲养。

之所以如此作为,是因为此时的税收体系非常粗陋。没有互联网,没有大数据,基本就是军头想要多少,然后幕府大致估算下各州的富裕程度,定个数额,各州再层层摊派下去。过程怎么样,军头不管,他只要钱。

邵树德怕收得狠了,会逼死那些家里丁口少、田亩少的百姓。毕竟国朝的官制是有很大缺陷的,官吏数量也太少,与宋朝那发达的官僚体系和庞大的规模完全不好比,收税太依赖地方了。

特别是藩镇割据以后,州县官职被幕府大量占用,几乎处于停摆状态,但幕府才几个人?军头们收税,可不就只能依靠武力,向地方摊派么?这个过程,必然是不平均的,地方乡绅、宗族上下其手,一个不好,就会逼死不少人,或者逼着他们流亡,税基流失。

夏、绥、银三州,是自己的根基,要小心呵护,不能涸泽而渔。这几年间,三州人口几乎增长了一倍,有关中移民、有军士家属、有草原妇孺俘虏、有编户齐民的党项小部落、有外州陆陆续续迁过来的人,三州十二县的户口黄册大体上还是靠谱的,毕竟都是新录入的户口,隐户其实很少。也正因为如此,收税效率其实已经不低了,不可再过多压榨。

三州十二县共计收得两税粮豆6122万斛、绢1442万匹、钱282万缗。此外,还有今年刚刚有起色的贸易榷税近六千缗,军属农场收租1822万斛,卖军马收入折合钱约98万缗。

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