第166章 宫廷礼乐制度(2 / 2)

宋代宫廷礼乐是在宗庙祭祀、祭拜皇陵、出巡宴飨等重大礼仪庆典之中使用,具有很强的礼仪性质。

宋朝掌管宫廷礼乐的官方机构太常寺更有专职官员编撰宫廷礼乐的使用典册,详细规定宫廷礼乐的使用细节。

其四,宫廷礼乐丰富的形式内容。

宋代宫廷礼乐的丰富形式内容主要是在其演奏形式、乐器和乐工人员等方面。宫廷礼乐的乐工,分法曲部、龟兹部、鼓笛部、方响部、贴部共五部。

部之下又有各种乐队,如琵琶、双韵子、五弦、筝、箜篌、箫、笛、方响、头板、拍板、参军、杂剧、杖鼓、大鼓、羯鼓、排乐等。

各项礼仪庆典中的礼乐演奏人数多达几百人,不同的礼仪庆典的演奏形式亦有不同。如宋代皇家仪仗之中的卤簿鼓吹之乐,只有在行军之礼或是大朝会时才用鼓吹十二案。

在赵宋王朝统治者与众多士大夫的共同努力之下,宋朝的宫廷礼乐逐渐完善,渐有兴盛之势。每逢礼仪重典或节庆佳日,宋朝皇帝皆会举行盛大的礼乐活动,场面恢弘,礼乐或激昂,或高雅,或肃穆,成为统治阶层极其重视的礼仪象征。为更好地维持宫廷礼乐的良好发展,统治者逐步强化掌管宫廷礼乐的专职机构。

宋代以前,各朝的宫廷礼乐归属礼部和太常寺管辖。宋朝初期,宫廷礼乐频繁变动,太常寺的礼乐管辖职权常被太常礼院和礼仪院干涉,一度成为闲置机构。

到宋代元丰新制之时,太常寺恢复其原有职能,成为掌管宫廷礼乐的专职机构,并且机构设置渐趋完善。专掌礼乐的太常寺下辖郊社署、太乐署、鼓吹署与教坊四个礼乐机构。

四个机构既有礼乐分工,亦相辅相成,共同完善宋代宫廷礼乐。郊社署,亦称郊社局,掌管宋朝皇家的四郊巡视祭祀以及宗庙社稷的祈祷祭拜,亦负责日常的巡视和除扫清洁。

宫廷礼乐中的的乐舞则由太乐署、鼓吹署、教坊等事项负责。

宋代皇家的一切重大礼仪活动,定会在殿庭之内举行礼乐活动,配以雅乐,亦有君臣筵宴时大设乐舞,皇家的卤簿仪仗中的鼓吹军乐更是不可缺少。

宋代宫廷礼乐之中,乐曲的曲名、旋律与乐语,皆由太乐署参详考订。太乐署掌管宫廷礼乐之中的雅乐。

鼓吹署,别称乐府,掌管军乐的演奏。鼓吹之乐是从军乐发展而来,与其他庆典中的雅乐不同,鼓吹之乐更加庄严肃穆,击金征,鸣鼓角,多用在隆重庄严的场合,诸如皇后的卤簿仪仗之中,或是皇家丧葬之礼中,亦或是大朝会的典礼之中。

其中较为特殊的礼乐机构是宫廷教坊。北宋沿唐制在宫廷之中设置教坊,逢遇重大宴飨,或皇家车驾游幸,多用教坊乐引从,此外赏赐赐大臣以及宗室的筵宴皆会用到教坊乐。

不同于此前各代的教坊,宋代的教坊礼乐并存,亦受礼乐雅化的影响颇深。

宋朝教坊所设百戏及乐队形式丰富,数量众多,诸如小儿乐队的队伍就有儿童感圣乐队、玉兔浑脱队、异域朝天队、儿童解红队等十种;女子队亦有菩萨蛮队、感化乐队、抛球乐队、佳人剪牡丹等十种。

百戏有蹴鞠、杂旋、狮子、弄枪、铃瓶、茶碗、毡龄、碎剑、踏索、上竿、筋斗等数十种。这些教坊乐舞之队,形式多样,人数更有上百之众。

宋朝宫廷礼乐的繁盛深受统治者、王公贵族以及百官大臣所崇尚,宋代太宗和真宗等皇帝更是不遗余力以诗歌赞颂宫廷礼乐的盛况,清洁恭虔烟上帝,郊仪大设康哉世。人心肯悦化来同,礼乐咸修依古制。也许这便是宋朝皇帝聆听礼乐时的真实感触,从中可见一个王朝统治者的天下胸怀。

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