第62章 62,盐种(2 / 2)

重塑隋唐 书剑无成 0 字 2021-10-07

卤水净化是用化学方法除去卤水中所含Ca、Mg、H2S及其他杂质,再用以制盐。

Ca、Mg在制盐过程中,常在预热器、蒸发器的传热管壁生成锅垢,影响传热系数,除去的方法首先是加入NaOH、Na2CO3,使Ca、Mg生成Mg(OH)2、CaCO3沉淀。此法流程简单,但耗碱量大,处理费用较高;其次先加入石灰乳,使Mg生成Mg(OH)2析出,然后加入Na2CO3,使Ca生成CaCO3析出;最后先加入石灰乳与Na2SO4,使Mg成为Mg(OH)2析出,再通入CO2(石灰窑窑气或锅炉烟道气),进一步除去Ca。石灰乳加入量需考虑将Mg除去后,卤水中还要含有适量的OH,以便在第二步反应中使Ca生成CaCO3析出。处理过程中,为加速沉淀物的凝聚与下沉,常返回一部分沉淀物作为晶种,同时加入助沉剂,如聚丙烯酰胺或聚丙烯酸钠等。

某些天然卤水中含有H2S,对制盐设备有严重腐蚀作用,或含有BaCl2,对人体有害,都应在预处理中除去。除去H2S的方法为:首先空气吹出法,使大部分H2S被带出。再通入氯气,与残存的H2S反应,生成单质硫沉淀;同时氯气与水作用生成次氯酸(HClO),在日光直接照射下,次氯酸分解成HCl,并放出[O],又可将H2S氧化成单质硫析出。为了除去卤水中过剩的CL2、HCl和Fe,加入Ca(OH)2,使生成Fe(OH)3,并加速卤水的澄清;再加入Na2S2O3,还原卤水中残存的游离氯。此法脱硫率可达98%以上,已在工业上试用;其次用空气吹出法使卤水中H2S含量降到15mg1以下,再加入FeCl3,除去残存的H2S。此法工艺简单,费用低,H2S除去率在99%以上,已用于生产。废气中的H2S用橡椀烤胶脱硫法除去。对含Ba的卤水,比较简单的处理方法是与含SO娸的卤水混合,使生成BaSO4沉淀,将Ba除去。

不过这个方法,李师闰现在没有办法使用,毕竟他现在所待的时间限时隋朝,而不是后世化学公用品已经发展齐备的阶段。

圆(平)锅煎盐则是指,直接加热煎熬圆锅或平锅中的卤水成盐,在常压下进行。因燃料消耗高,且易出现事故,此法已基本淘汰。但为了满足用户需要,还保留着某些特殊的平锅制盐法,如后世造粒池法生产漏斗状盐和阿尔贝格法生产块状和鳞片状盐。

真空蒸发制盐是根据卤水沸点随压力减低而下降的规律,在压力递减的多效蒸发罐组中,用生蒸汽(新鲜蒸汽)加热一效罐的卤水,使之沸腾蒸发,产生二次蒸汽用作次效罐的热源,并按所设效数依次传递,多次利用二次蒸汽,使各效罐的卤水蒸发析盐。

真空蒸发制盐的主要设备是蒸发罐,由加热室和蒸发室组成。加热室的壳体中,有上下花板和固定在花板间的加热管束。加热蒸汽经管道进入壳体,卤水由下而上在加热管中循环,通过加热管壁的热交换,使卤水温度升高,并进入蒸发室,沸腾蒸发;二次蒸汽由上部排出,冷凝水由加热室底部管道排出,蒸发室底部有集盐装置。制盐工业常用的真空蒸发设备有两种:

首先使用标准式蒸发罐,加热室置于蒸发罐内,其中有直径较大的中央循环管,横断面积为加热管束总横断面积的50~100%,内装推进器,强制卤水循环,流速可达0.8~1.2ms,借以提高传热系数。结构简单,动力消耗较少,但卤水循环慢,传热系数低,检修困难,不易实现大型化;

其次外加热室强制循环蒸发罐,加热室与蒸发室分开,其间用上、下循环管连接,卤水的循环由安装在下循环管和加热室之间的轴流泵强制进行。卤水循环速度较快,达2ms左右,加热管拆换、检修方便,便于实现大规模生产,但动力消耗较大。多效蒸发的加料方式一般是各效分别加料,盐浆顺流到末效排出。末效二次蒸汽进入冷凝器冷凝,并将不凝气排除,以维持蒸发系统的真空度。

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