第785章 设立新的基层政权(1 / 2)
崇祯八年
我爱肥猪猪
0 字
2021-09-27
自秦汉唐宋至今,历朝历代无论强盛与否,采用的都是皇权不下乡这种政治机制。
“皇权不下乡,乡下唯宗族,宗族皆自治,自治靠伦理,伦理造乡绅”,千百年来,县以下乡村的治理,靠的就是这么一套约定俗成的制度。
“皇权不下乡”,不是说皇权不想下乡,而是皇权下不了乡,因为皇权控制的资源十分有限。
而且,皇权控制的这些资源,首先要用于皇室的延续,其次用于官僚体系的运作,再次才用于社会的控制。这样一级一级落下来,等到用于管理社会的时候,所剩资源不多。
在这一状态下,皇权只能借助官僚的力量,下达到县一级官员。最小的官员就是七品县官,县以下就只好由着乡绅们自行管理了。
其实对于一个古代国家来说,华夏土地面积过于庞大,人口过多,古代集权政府想要跟近代国家一样,把国家权利渗透进地域社会,这几乎是不可能完成的任务。
一是因为朝廷财力有限;二是朝廷官吏有限。而这两个最根本的问题,自始至终贯彻了华夏土地千百年。
另一方面,在进入近代之前,中国独特的集权制度基本能保持国家的稳定以及发展,所以政府也少有向地域社会渗透权利的意愿和动力。
而本朝太祖由于出身寒微的缘故,从小到大没少被贪官恶吏欺压过,所以朱元璋从内心里对官吏施加于百姓身上的盘剥是深恶痛绝的,在登基之后,朱元璋曾经明令:县官不许下乡,不得亲自督促乡里工作,以免影响百姓耕耘,劳民伤财。
作为最基层的政府,县衙几乎就是“一人政府”,“皇权不下县”使得基层正式官员始终维持在一个较低的数量级,乡间治理依靠的便是乡绅和地方宗族势力。
在这种机制下,很多地方宗族势力对百姓的影响力和控制力,已经远远超过了皇帝和朝廷,而此等现象,是与朱由检力图打造一个富强、民主、文明、法治的全新大明相抵触的。
现在的大明无论是财力还是官吏的数量上,都远远超过历代王朝,具备了贯彻“皇权下乡”的基本条件,只要策略得当,破除这一旧机制所带来的弊端还是有很强的操作性的。
说到地方宗族势力,朱由检认为,从公平的角度讲,宗族势力并非“封建残余”,而是具有地权的协防组织,这种组织形式在后世的抗战之中发挥了极其重要的作用,例如川军、湘军、桂系等等,这些抗战的中坚力量,无不是依靠地方宗族大户的人财物力而组建起来的。
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